To the desert forms two primary necessities stand on the way. Although well-toothed as a rule, Ichthyosaur showed reduction of teeth in some cases. Protection against the harmful effect of sand on the vulnerable parts of the body is of primary importance.
In Spalax the visual apparatus is a complete structure being represented by small specks. The fourth and fifth toes are also provided with powerful claws. Although the structural modifications in some burrowing lizards and snakes are same as the cave-dwellers, these cannot be due to cave-dwelling. Cursorial adaptation signifies the modifications for attaining speed on hard surface of the earth. In Mystacoceti the bones of the skull are telescoped at the occipital region. Fossorial adaptation shows different gradations and as a consequents different degrees of structural modifications are encountered to tunnel the soil. The pelvic girdle is less modified. But this belief is not acceptable now (vide J. E. Hill, 1946, Natural History, 55: 387). Twilight zone. The reduction of these structures correlates with the degree of fossorial adaptation. Extreme specialisation is found in Ablepharus where the whole of the lower eyelid is transformed into a transparent membrane which is united with the upper eyelid. There is always a tendency to eliminate any unevenness of the body contour that would offer resistance during progression through water.
The chest tends to become cylindrical and is modified to bring the visceral cavity higher towards the back and thus insuring greater stability in floatation and also increases the lung capacity. The presence of five digits is the usual occurrence in plantigrade animals. https://www.animalwised.com/types-of-adaptations-in-animals-2887.html The hues of the desert animals are such that they can harmonize their body colour with the colour of the sand. In a lizard, Draco (or flying dragon) the sides of body become extended outward to form two large membranous surfaces supported by five to six elongated ribs. In birds, traces of patagia may be present (prepatagia and postpatagia) in front and behind the arm. The chance of survival is increased by the development of resistant envelope to seal the content of the egg from heat, drying and injurious influences. In Cetacea and Sirenia, there is no trace of hair\excepting few bristles around the muzzle. They can respire by gills in adult stages, but the lung-breathers are numerous. The vertebral column tends to become simplified. Desert animals have developed the habit of occasional drinking of water and in some cases the collected dews taken along with plant food is sufficient to quench the thirst. (b) cold deserts (such as Polar and Alpine deserts); (c) low- nutrient deserts caused by the excessive use of the soil; (d) deserts due to toxication such as the adjoining areas near the volcanoes and Of these types of deserts, the low-rainfall desert is usually regarded as the most typical one. In Sirenia the bones are compact and are heavily built for getting submarine vegetation. The feathers are borne by the wings. Amongst the birds there is no permanent cave-dwelling form.
The lengthening of the limbs is thus caused by the growth of the distal sectors of the limbs only. In some Sirenea, the paired mammae are axillary and situated practically upon the posterior border of the flippers. In cursorial animals, speed is the prime requisite. Crude power as food is stored inside the body in the crop. Another species, Oneirodes, is blind but has luminous organs to compensate the loss of eyes.
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